Learning challenges in Malaysian children and their wider impact
Learning difficulties in children are challenges that extend beyond academics, often affecting their emotional well-being, social skills, and ability to navigate daily life. In Malaysia, approximately 7.4% of children experience developmental delays, as reported by the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2022,with prevalence rates of 1.0% in gross motor skills, 1.9% in fine motor skills, 2.7% in speech/hearing, and4.1% in social development. This statistic highlights the urgent need for early detection and intervention to address these challenges effectively.
Dr Loh Wai Loong, Consultant Paediatrician at Ara Damansara Medical Centre (ADMC), explains, “Children with learning difficulties often face struggles that extend beyond the classroom. Early identification and tailored support are critical in enabling these children to thrive.”
Recognising the signs of learning difficulties
Children with learning difficulties may present a range of symptoms that often manifest in early childhood orbecome apparent during school years. Conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and specific learning disorders like dyslexia (difficulty with reading),dyscalculia (trouble with numbers), and dysgraphia (difficulty with writing) often come to light when a child begins school.
“Some children may display behavioural signs such as inattentiveness, hyperactivity, or withdrawal,” says Dr Loh. “These behaviours are not just instances of being ‘naughty’ but often signals of underlying struggles to cope with academic or social demands.”
Developmental delays can also lead to learning problems if not detected early. Delays in speech, motor skills, or social interaction can significantly impact a child’s ability to learn and engage with their environment. For example, a child with a speech delay may struggle to communicate effectively, leading to frustration and withdrawal from social settings.
Developmental delays and learning challenges
Developmental milestones are key indicators of a child’s growth and progress. Delays in areas such as gross motor skills, fine motor skills, speech and language, or social interaction can signal potential learning difficulties.
Children with global developmental delays (GDD), where two or more developmental areas are affected, are at higher risk of experiencing severe learning challenges if not detected early.
Dr Loh emphasises the importance of regular developmental assessments, “Continuous monitoring and early intervention can make a world of difference. Studies have shown that Early Intervention Programmes (EIPs) significantly improve outcomes for children with developmental delays.”
Emotional toll of learning difficulties
The challenges faced by children with learning difficulties extend beyond academics. Their emotional well-being and self-esteem are often deeply affected. Children struggling to keep up with their peers may face bullying, isolation, or frustration, which can lead to behavioural issues or school avoidance.
“Imagine being placed in a setting where everyone speaks a language you don’t understand. The constant struggle to keep up, coupled with feelings of inadequacy, can take a significant emotional toll on these children,” shares Dr Loh.
A comprehensive diagnostic process
Diagnosing learning difficulties involves gathering detailed information about a child’s medical, developmental, family and social history. This is followed by physical examinations and the use of specialised developmental screening tools such as the DSM-V (for ADHD and ASD), Vanderbilt Questionnaire (for ADHD), M-CHAT (for ASD) or even a textbook from the school syllabus for specific learning disorders such as dyslexia and dyscalculia.
Developmental screening tools
DSM-V: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, is a comprehensive guide used by healthcare professionals to diagnose conditions such as ADHD and ASD.
Vanderbilt Questionnaire: A widely used tool that assesses ADHD symptoms and their impact on a child’s daily life, often completed by parents and teachers.
M-CHAT: The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers identifies early signs of ASD in children aged 16 to 30months.
“It’s a time-intensive process,” explains Dr Loh. “Children often require multiple visits to ensure accurate diagnosis and to tailor interventions effectively. The goal is to identify the root causes and address them comprehensively.”
Why early intervention matters
EIPs are designed to address developmental delays and learning difficulties at the earliest stages. These programmes use tailored approaches to help children overcome challenges and achieve their potential.
Activities may include speech therapy, occupational therapy, and sensory integration exercises, all adapted to the child’s unique needs.
“Early intervention programmes are not just about academic skills,” says Dr Loh. “They focus on holistic development, equipping children with the tools they need to navigate life.”
Supporting children at home and in school
Parents play a vital role in supporting children with learning difficulties. Establishing consistent routines, encouraging positive behaviours, and using multi-sensory learning tools can make a significant difference.
For example, pairing colourful visuals with text-to-speech apps can enhance a child’s ability to retain new information.
Breaking tasks into smaller, manageable steps is another effective strategy. “Children’s attention spans are limited,” Dr Loh advises. “Taking things one step at a time with regular breaks helps maintain focus and motivation.”
Likewise, teachers and parents must work together to create a supportive learning environment. Regular communication helps both parties understand the child’s progress and challenges, enabling them to adapt strategies as needed.
“Tailored learning strategies, backed by strong support from parents and educators, are essential for children with special needs,” Dr Loh explains. “Consistency and collaboration pave the way for better outcomes.”
With the right support, children can overcome learning difficulties. Early identification and targeted interventions enable them to navigate challenges and live fulfilling lives.
“Every child has the potential to thrive,” Dr Loh concludes. “With the right tools and timely action, we can unlock that potential and give them the future they deserve.”
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