Pancreatic cancer is four different diseases
Pancreatic cancer is not just one, but four different diseases with different survival rates, genetic triggers, and treatments.
The study was led by Prof Sean Grimmond, formerly of The University of Queensland’s Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), now the Director of Research & The Bertalli Chair in Cancer Medicine, University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research.
Over seven years, scientists analysed the genomes of 456 pancreatic tumours to determine the core processes that are damaged when normal pancreatic tissues change into aggressive cancers.
Professor Grimmond said there was an urgent need for more knowledge about the genetic causes of pancreatic cancer, with most patients only living a few months after diagnosis and the condition predicted to become the second most common cancer in Western countries within a decade.
“We identified 32 genes from 10 genetic pathways that are consistently mutated in pancreatic tumours, but further analysis of gene activity revealed four distinct subtypes of tumours,” Professor Grimmond said.
“This study demonstrates that pancreatic cancer is better considered as four separate diseases, with different survival rates, treatments and underlying genetics.
“Knowing which subtype a patient has would allow a doctor to provide a more accurate prognosis and treatment recommendations.
Importantly Professor Grimmond said there are already cancer drugs, and drugs in development, that can potentially target the parts of the ‘damaged machinery’ driving pancreatic cancers to start.
“For example some strains of pancreatic cancer are unexpectedly associated with mutations normally associated with colon cancer or leukemia and for which experimental drugs are available or in development. Other pancreatic cancers bear strong similarities to some bladder and lung cancers and we can start to draw on that knowledge to improve treatments,” he says.
In a world first, the team performed an integrated genomic analysis, meaning they combined the results of several techniques to examine not only the genetic code, but also variations in structure and gene activity, revealing more information than ever before about the genetic damage that leads to pancreatic cancer.
